Human Experimentation - 1950 Words

Human Experimentation Throughout the ages, many experiments have been performed on willing and unwilling participants. Some experiments happened to be non-harming, while others caused much distress, pain, and sometimes death to the subjects. Human experimentation today has greatly transitioned due to past experiences for the better of the participants. Some of the past experiments that brought upon the changes in laws and standards were the Little Albert Experiment, Stanford Prison Experiment, human vivisection, and the Tuskegee Experiments. Safety has become the major concept in the laws for human experimentation due because of many experiments in the fields of medical and psychological studies. With the standards in experimentation†¦show more content†¦To solve problems like this for human experimentation, easy guidelines can be and were made. First off, any experiment that could cause harm should not occur. Some items that are now searched for include, but are not limited to, valuing the life and dignity of a person, not harming the test subject physically or mentally long term, and upholding the rights in the constitution given to a person (Berdon). If the experiment is questionable, the experimenters should (and now do) go in front of a selected jury that’s primary job is to judge whether an experiment is acceptable or not. If ruled acceptable by the panel of judges, then the experiment should go on with the proper precautions. If the experimenters should get denied, then the experimenter should have a chance for a retrial. If that retrial is denied, the experiment should be considered inhumane and dangerous. Thus, the experiment should be thrown out and never happen. The â€Å"set in stone† guidelines should be followed to control the experiments and give the jury standards to judge on. Short and long term health issues are the biggest concerns. Some experiments could make a participant crazy or fearful if given the right circumstances. Along with experiments affecting mental heath, physical health could be affected as well. One could refuse toShow MoreRelatedThe Medical Ethics Of Human Experimentation1793 Words   |  8 PagesWhen one researches about the medical ethics in human experimentation, it is difficult to disregard the harsh realities of it. As Leonard Nimoy stated in his role as Spock in the movie, Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, â€Å"the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few†. This is the cruel truth that be seen everywhere, but many people tend to ignore it since it is such a dreary thought. Many people, especially those in third world countries, are exploited every day. Large corporate companies comeRead MoreNazi Human Experimentation1265 Words   |  5 PagesFollowed by, experiments targeted at developing and testing pharmaceuticals and treatment methods for injuries and illnesses that German military and occupation personnel encountered in the field (Nazi Medical Experiments). Lastly, the third experimentation category will possess the ways of advancing the racial and ideological principles of the Nazi worldview. This will include a variety of testing such as sterilization, research on twins, and many more. Experiments aimed at facilitating the survivalRead MoreNazi Human Experimentation958 Words   |  4 Pagesphosgene gas caused extreme irritation to the lungs. All prisoners died and were autopsied. At Buchenwald concentration camp, a variety of poison experiments took place over a ten month span. These experiments investigated the effect poisons had on humans. The poisons were distributed to the prisoners in secrecy as it was contaminated within their food. After consuming the poison subjects were immediately killed so they could be autopsied (The Holocaust). Himmler discovered that most of the SS soldier’sRead MoreIs Human Experimentation Ethical?713 Words   |  3 Pages The topic for the debate was whether human experimentation is ethical or unethical. I am the pointer for the objecting side. â€Å"Medical ethics is the moral conduct and principles that govern members of the medical profession.† Researchers and doctors are putting peoples life at risk just to save the next person, which does not show moral judgment and values. There are many unethical experiments that have been happening over the course of many years. â€Å"There have been historical cases of unethicalRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And The Human Understanding Of Medicine1833 Words   |  8 Pagesfurthering the human understanding of medicine (Greek et al. 15). Throughout history, animal experimentation has been a key component in understanding the fundamentals of human life. Kay Peggs argues that â€Å"virtually every major medical advance of the last century is due, in part, to research with animals† (624). Before recent times, scientists could easily dissect animals strictly for exploration and curiosity (Greek et al. 15). The knowledge gained from animal experimentation has helped scientistsRead MoreUnethical Human Experimentation Should be Outlawed Essay1344 Words   |  6 PagesUnethical Human Experimentation Should be Outlawed Human experimentation has been in practice for centuries and it was not until recently that it has been questioned. By definition human experimentation is when a researcher deliberately induces or alters a persons physical or mental functions. Human experimentation is preformed in ways that might prove therapeutic to the patient, but for which there is as yet insufficient evidence to make this reasonably certain. It can also be preformedRead MoreHuman Experimentation1684 Words   |  7 PagesTOPIC #4: Human Experimentation PRO: Prisoners should be allowed to participate in human research CON: Prisoners should not be allowed to participate in human research History and definitions Dating back to 1965, seventy-five prisoners at Holmesburg prison in Pennsylvania were purposely exposed to a poisonous agent. This study was conducted to determine the effects of dioxin, a potentially harmful substance. Dermatologist Dr. Albert Kligman, exposed prisoners to a dosage 468 times greaterRead MoreHuman Experimentation Essay examples1051 Words   |  5 Pageshistory there are many examples of humans conducting experiments on other humans. Over the years human experimentation has greatly advanced the knowledge of human physiology and psychology, leading to better treatments for ailments both physical and mental as well as a better overall understanding of the human constitution. Despite all of the good which human experimentation has done for the human race there have been times when experimenters have taken human experimentation past the bounds of moralityRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And Its Effects On Human Life And Survival965 Words   |  4 Pages1302 September 18, 2014 Animal Experimentation The various experiments are performed on living animals especially to test the effects of chemical compounds such as new drugs, cosmetics, food additives and pesticides. The application of animals to test a large number of products from household compounds and cosmetics to pharmaceutical has been considered to be a normal strategy for many years. Animal experimentation has existed since ancient times and contributed to human life and survival. The mostRead MoreBiomedical Experimentation in the Holocaust Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pagesphysical abuse. The Nazis tortured, killed, and experimented on the Jews in an inhuman way. The experimentations that were conducted by the doctors were very horrendous and shocking. They had three categories for the experiments: military, biomedical, and racial/ideological. Though all the types of experimentations were terrible, the biomedical category was the most appalling. In the biomedical experimentations, the doctors did some cruel studies on the prisoners that included injecting diseases, inflicting

Personal Development and Hr - 1445 Words

CIPD - Certificate in Human Resource Practice 2013/2014 Developing Yourself as an Effective Human Resources Practitioner PLEASE NOTE; this document needs to be attached to every assignment submission. It serves the purpose of assessment feedback, authentication of work and verification of submission. Without this signed document assessment CANNOT take place; this applies to both the original submission and resubmissions (if appropriate) Student Name (Print) Learning Outcomes and assessment criteria Learning outcomes The learner will: Assessment criteria The learner can: Criteria satisfied 1st submission 2nd submission Met /NYM Tutor initials and date Met /NYM Tutor†¦show more content†¦The relevant document is attached to this assignment but it can also be accessed at; www.cipd.co.uk/Membership/transformingmembership/New-membership-criteria/about-new-Associate.htm 1. Undertake a self-assessment against the CIPD Associate Membership criteria, identifying areas you need to develop in order to meet them. 2. Devise a plan to meet your own development needs. The plan should be for a minimum of 6 months and address at least 3 areas for development. A Development Plan template is provided at page 6. NB do NOT use the ‘Development Record’ - use the ‘Development Plan’ 3. Explain why you have selected 2 of the development techniques identified on your plan – provide a brief overview of their benefits and drawbacks 4. From the time you develop your plan to the end of the course, reflect on those activities you identified (as and when they occur) and complete a Development Record. A template for this is provided at page 7. Your entries should relate directly to those activities identified on your plan, but if any didn’t materialise choose some other activity that occurred, but wasn’t identified on the plan. 5. Reflect on the learning you haveShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management and Hr1030 Words   |  5 PagesThe report below sets out the importance of the HR function, explains how HR activities support the organisation’s strategy and ways HR support line managers and their staff. The HR Function is in a position to add value by proper formulation and implementations of the following activities and in turn support the organisation strategy. Recruitment and Selection Recruiting the wrong people can lead to a drop in productivity, lack of commitment, low morale, and rapid staff turnover, all of whichRead MoreSample Resume : Continuous Professional Development1639 Words   |  7 PagesTASK 1 – AC 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 The term Continuous Professional Development means to take ownership of one’s own personal development to identify personal and professional needs, setting clear goals, with set guidance on how to achieve them. I believe CPD is important because as a HR professional it is imperative I keep up to date on new and improved HR policies, legislation and developments. it is also important to monitor my own progress, some things I may pick up easily, others I may notRead MoreHr Assessment 2 Escape to the Wild1695 Words   |  7 PagesHR Assessment – Task 2 Outcomes 2 3 Escape to the Wild Report To ensure Escape to the Wild’s continued successful and profitable expansion, the Managing Director has expressed his wish for the company to take on a more Strategic approach to the way it recruits trains and promotes its employees. To implement this new strategic approach a human resource function should be introduced. The following describes four activities the human resource function will undertake in order to supportRead MoreThe Concept and Importance of Continuous Professional Development (Cpd)1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept and importance of continuous Professional Development (CPD) 1) Concept of CPD: CPD in other words known as Continuous Development, this is because the development of professional people increasing day by day and there is no end in 21st century. Due to Global competition the number of professionals increasing day by day, Clients is ever more aware of their rights and the levels of quality that they demand are continuously rising. Latest technology offers many advance and new methodsRead MoreEssay about 4 Dep Hr1677 Words   |  7 PagesCertificate in HR Practice Assessment Title Developing yourself as an Effective Human Resources practitioner Introduction This report will demonstrate my understanding of the knowledge, skills and behaviour required to be an effective HR practitioner, knowing how to deliver timely and effective HR services to meet users needs. Reflecting on my own practice and development needs and maintaining a plan for my own personal development. The HR ProfessionRead MoreThe Concept and Importance of Continuous Professional Development (Cpd)1732 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept and importance of continuous Professional Development (CPD) 1) Concept of CPD: CPD in other words known as Continuous Development, this is because the development of professional people increasing day by day and there is no end in 21st century. Due to Global competition the number of professionals increasing day by day, Clients is ever more aware of their rights and the levels of quality that they demand are continuously rising. Latest technology offers many advance and new methods ofRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1506 Words   |  7 Pages1.0 Introduction Human Resource Management (HRM or simply HR) is the role inside an organization that is centered on the recruitment, management, and providing guidelines for employees in an organization; designed to maximize their performance to meet the organization’s strategic objectives. Human Resources Management (HRM) has turn out to be an important feature to deliberate in every organization. HRM is characterized by processes responsible for achieving set the goals and objectives of an organizationRead MoreManagement and Hr Profession Map Essay783 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding of what is required to be an effective and Efficient HR Professional and apply CPD techniques to devise, implement and review a Personal, Professional Development Plan. The report will explain how the CIPD HR Profession Map defines the HR profession, including the professional areas, the bands and the behaviours. I will also evaluate how the two core professional areas and two selected behaviours uphold the concept of â€Å"HR Professionalism†, by giving examples from the knowledge and activitiesRead MoreUnit 1 (4dep) Activity 31136 Words   |  5 PagesCertificate in HR Practice Unit 1 (4DEP) – Developing Yourself as an Effective Human Resources Practitioner Activity 3 – Ability to reflect on own practice and development needs and maintain a plan for personal development Assessment Activity – 4DEP-F301A-(HR) Issued in September 2013 Name: To be inserted CIPD No: To be inserted Contents Ability to reflect on own practice and development needs and maintain a plan for personal development 3 Self-assessment against the CIPD AssociateRead MoreHuman Resource Managers And Od Practitioner1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe role of Human Resource Managers OD Practitioner is rapidly growing. Businesses are growing bigger and Human Resource Managers personals are in high demand, not to only be HR managers but to also take the role of an OD Practitioner. Human Resource Managers must know its their tasks and being able to lead a large group of people in the right direction. These professionals are being forced to take the role of an OD Practitioner and to not forget the role they we’re once in because both roles accompany

Propaganda Free Essays

Propaganda: It’s here to stay When the word ‘propaganda’ is used, negative connotations are generally brought to mind. People think of politicians using propaganda to force their agenda on others or to slander their opponent’s name as in the new election coming up between Obama and Romney. Yet is this all propaganda really is? Or is there something more that is never discussed about propaganda? This essay will be summarizing and discussing three from Orwell, Lutz , and Woolfolk about propaganda and the English language. We will write a custom essay sample on Propaganda or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reader will gain a better understanding about what propaganda really is and how it is used and how to avoid getting tricked by it. The first article by George Orwell is out of his book of 50 essays entitled â€Å" Politics and the English Language. † George Orwell is an English journalist and novelist, who wrote such famous books as 1984 and Animal Farm. His article begins by talking about four parts of writing that are misused in the English language. The first topic discussed is dying metaphors. Orwell says, â€Å"A newly-invented metaphor assists thought by evoking a visual image, while on the other hand a metaphor which is technically â€Å"dead† has in effect reverted to being an ordinary word and can generally be used without loss of vividness. † If someone does not understand a metaphor because it is one that is not used anymore, it loses its effect and should not be used in writing or in propaganda (Orwell). A perfect example is the metaphor of the Hammer and the Anvil. When this metaphor is used most people think it means that the anvil gets the worst of it, when really it is the hammer that always breaks on the anvil. It is a metaphor that has lost meaning because hardly anyone uses an anvil anymore, causing this metaphor to be technically â€Å"dead†. The next subject discussed is verbal false limbs. Orwell says verbal false limbs â€Å"save the trouble of picking out appropriate verbs and nouns, and at the same time pad each sentence with extra syllables which give it an appearance of symmetry. † A few examples Orwell gives include our phrases ‘such as’,’to make contact with’, ‘play a leading part in’, and ‘be subjected to’. The problem is using these phrases takes out simple verbs that give meaning to a sentence and add extra fluff to them in order to sound â€Å"better† (Orwell). When writing it is important to avoid these verbal false limbs so the reader can truly understand what you are trying to say. The third item discussed is pretentious diction. Words such as ‘promote’, ‘constitute’, ‘exploit’, ‘utilize’are used to dress up simple statements and make the person saying them sound dignified. It also is used to add scientific terms to a biased judgment. It is a common trick we see in propaganda all the time. You will see such things as â€Å"It is inevitable if you elect Obama, our country will fail. † The word’ inevitable’ is an example of pretentious diction (Orwell). It is taking a scientific term and adding it to a biased opinion in order to convince the voter that voting for Obama is bad. The fourth item discussed is meaningless words. These are words that are used in which the definition of is unclear. You see this in political ads words such as fascism or socialist. These words are used, but do the readers really know what the author is trying to say by using them. Another one common in political ads is the word ‘patriotic’. Do we have a real definition of what it means to be patriotic or is that a word that is just thrown around. Orwell says that words such as these need to be used carefully and taken out of writing if unneeded. As Orwell ends this article he gives six rules of writing to avoid these crucial mistakes seen in the English language today. The rules are as follows â€Å"(1) Never use a metaphor, simile or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print. (2) Never use a long word where a short one will do. (3) If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out. (4) Never use the passive where you can use the active. 5) Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent. (6) Break any of these rules sooner than say anything barbarous. † These rules may seem easy enough but if you grew up writing today it will be harder than you think to change habits and stick to these rules. If you can stick to these rules you will become a better overall writer (Orwell). The second article we will discuss is Doublespeak by William Lutz. William Lutz is an American linguist who specializes in the use of plain words and avoiding doublespeak or deceptive language. Lutz begins talking about how language is a human tool and may be the most important of all the human tools. Yet like any tool, it can be used to build society but can also be used to destroy it (Lutz 25). One quote that Lutz says describes this perfectly, â€Å" Language can easily distort perception and influence behavior and thus be a tool, or weapon, for achieving the greatest good or the greatest evil. † Lutz goes on to talk about how language is power and whoever controls language controls society (Lutz 26). There are four kinds of doublespeak that Lutz talks about the first being euphemism, which is designed to avoid reality. When different words are used to make a situation sound better, this is euphemism. Lutz brings up the subject in 1984 where reports on human rights would remove the word ‘killing’ and replace it with ‘deprivation of life’. This helped the government avoid the subject of government sanctioned killings that happened in other countries that the United States had supported. This is a prime example of doublespeak, using different words to mislead the reader as to what has really happened. The second type of doublespeak discussed is jargon. Jargon is used all the time by doctors and lawyers; it is speech used that only those in a specialized group can understand. When used in these groups it is not considered jargon because all members understand what is being said. Yet when jargon is used with members outside the group it is then considered doublespeak as all members do not fully understand what is being said (Lutz 27). When companies use lawyer terms to describe something that has happened in their company to the public it is considered doublespeak; they know most people do not understand what they are saying and could use it to cover up what is really happening. The third type of doublespeak that is mentioned is gobbledygook. This is the practice of piling on words, the bigger the better to purposely overwhelm the audience as to what is actually being said. This is common when something bad happens in our economy. Politicians use big words in long complicated sentences so that their readers do not really know what is going on. The fourth type of doublespeak discussed is inflated language. This is the process of making ordinary words seem fancy and better than what they are. This is often used in advertising to make a product sound better than it is in order to make the audience want to buy it. For example, a used car may be described as experienced (Lutz 27). This is one of the most common ways you see Doublespeak in America today, whether it be in advertising for a product or for a politician. Lutz then discusses how doublespeak is used in politics. â€Å"Political language is the language of public policy and power. Our direction as a nation is defined for us by our elected leaders through language,† says Lutz. Therefore if our leaders are not always honest and pright, we the people do not have the proper knowledge and understanding to make the decisions we need to make. This language has been distorted in the past such as in Vietnam instead of calling them bombings they called them â€Å"protective reaction strikes. † Orwell said, â€Å"This language is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appeara nce of solidity to pure wind. † This is why you have a negative reaction when you hear the word propaganda. It’s always easier to remember the bad things that have happened and forget the good things (Lutz 29). Not all propaganda is used to mislead or hurt people. It can be used to get people to vote for something that is good and truthful or convince people to recycle. Yet the things that have happened in the past will always give propaganda a bad reputation. The third article is â€Å"Propaganda: How not to be bamboozled† by Donna Woolfork Cross. Donna is an American writer known for such novels as Pope Joan. Woolfork says that propaganda gets a bad reputation because people simply don’t understand what it really is. It is a means of persuasion that can be used for good or evil. Propaganda is used to tell people what toothpaste to buy, the type of movies to see, and the one most people think of, and who you should vote for in an election (Woolfolk Cross 1). Cross says, â€Å"People are bamboozled mainly because they don’t recognize propaganda when they see it. † Cross gives thirteen different ways to recognize propaganda. The first is name calling; this is a simple one to understand. It is when someone or group says something bad about another person or group. You see this in political ads all the time or you might hear a politician referred to as â€Å"foolish† or â€Å"fascist†. This is used to make the reader not think but just believe what is being said. Cross then talks about glittering generalities, this is simply the opposite of name calling, it is using terms to make someone look good, it is used to make you want to vote for someone in an election. A political ad may say â€Å"Vote for Romney; It’s the American way. † This sounds good but when actually examining what they are saying what does it really mean (Woolfolk Cross 2)? The next issue Cross discusses is the plain folks appeal. This is where a politician wants the viewer to think he is a person just like them. A good example is when you see presidents going around to blue collar workers and shaking hands and working with them and kissing babies (Woolfolk Cross 2). They want you to believe that they are the same as you so you will vote for them. Cross also talks about the Argumentum Ad Populum; this is simply telling the people what they want to hear. This can happen in elections as well; you will hear politicians say you all are â€Å"good tax-paying Americans† or â€Å"the backbone of America. † These phrases are things that all people want to hear and our used to distract the voter from what is really being said (Woolfolk Cross 3). The next use of propaganda is the Argumentum Ad Hominem. Cross says, â€Å"Argumentum ad hominem means â€Å"argument to man† and that’s exactly what it is. When a propagandist uses argumentum ad hominem he wants to distract our attention from the issue under consideration with personal attacks on the people being involved. This happens often; if the issue being discussed by a politician is health care reform, then another politician may make an attack about that politician’s bad family life. His bad family life has nothing to do with health care reform, yet things like this will distract potential voters from what is actually being said. The next item discussed is Transfer; (Glory or Guilt By Association) this is simply associating something that is good with the issue at hand even if it has no relevance to that situation. The next propaganda technique is bandwagon. We have all heard the term bandwagon fan to describe someone who likes a certain sports team only because they are doing well. The same applies in propaganda; it is used to convince people to like something because it is the popular thing to do (Woolfolk Cross 4). This happens with fashions and is used by getting celebrities to endorse a product. Cross then talks about faulty cause and effect relationship. This is where propaganda says one thing causes another thing to happen even if it really did not. You see this in politics all the time, sense Obama has been in office our unemployment rate has gone down. Now this may be true, but was it caused by Obama or were there other factors in place? It is used to convince people to believe something without actually checking the facts. The next propaganda item discussed is false analogy. An analogy is a comparison between two ideas, events or things (Woolfolk Cross 6). A false analogy is simply comparing two things that really have nothing to do with each other. It is often used in politics to link one thing with another that really has no reason to be associated with the other thing. The next propaganda technique, begging the question, this is a common technique used in politics. You may see a political ad that says, â€Å"No true American could turn down proposal 4. † This is forcing the viewer to say do I not want to be a true American (Woolfolk Cross 6). It’s basically answering the question for a person instead of letting them answer it for themselves. The 11th item discussed is the two extremes fallacy. This is where you make a situation seem like there are only two options to choose from, either black or white. This forces the viewer to choose one side when really there might be a multitude of options to choose from. The next propaganda technique is card stacking. It’s a easy technique of showing only what you want people to see. It’s used where politicians only want you to see the good parts of their plans and not the negatives such as raising taxes, they will show you all this great things that will happen but not where the money is coming from (Woolfolk Cross 7). The last propaganda technique is called the testimonial. This is where you get someone who is famous or loved to endorse a certain product or person, even if they are not an expert in the field. You see professional athletes endorsing medical products, even though they are not a medical expert. Woolfolk lays out all thirteen examples of propaganda to show people what to look out for. In conclusion, propaganda is misunderstood. Propaganda itself is not a a negative thing, it is just a means of persuading someone that can be used either for a positive effect or a negative one. Yet in today’s society propaganda is used for many different reasons. This is why it is important to understand what propaganda really is. Orwell, Lutz, and Woolfolk give good insight into how propaganda is used and how to avoid being confused by it. After reading this you will have a better understanding of propaganda and how to identify it, and how to understand what the author is really trying to say. It will make you a better thinker, and help with important decisions that you have to make. Sources: 1. Lutz, William . â€Å"Doublespeak. †Ã‚  Public Relations Quarterly  . 33. 4 n. page. Web. 2. Orwell, George. â€Å"Fifty Orwell Essays . †Ã‚  Gutenburg. n. page. Web. 13 Sep. 2012. How to cite Propaganda, Essay examples

Promoting Individual Informal Workplace Learning †Free Samples

Question: Discuss About The Promoting Individual Informal Workplace? Answer: Introduction Informal learning is one of the most well-known and recognized aspect in the business organisations in the present scenario as it offers a significant number of advantages to the organisations. Informal learning is a training that offers increased level of freedom and flexibility to the employees in learning new processes and approaches. It identifies the social implication of learning from other individuals but has a wider scope for the individual aspect instead of socialization. It focuses upon the learning which occurs in the surrounding environment and the activities but with a more of formal objective and it occurs in an extended variety in comparison with the formal training or learning (Le Clus, 2011). It is also called as learning from the experiences as there is discussion and learning gained from the experiences of others and oneself. In present time, the organisations are forming a workplace culture where there is more of informal learning so that it can result in increase d employee engagement, socialization, effective working environment and development of innovative ideas and approaches (Cross, 2011). The key purpose behind developing this paper is to promote the individual informal workplace learning so that the quality and the quantity of the individual learning could be enhanced by the means of work. The report will throw lights upon aspects such as factors that constrain or enable workplace learning, personal characteristics and its influence on learning, potential advantages of learning and recommendations for increasing the level of informal learning at the workplaces. Findings The way in which individuals learn in the workplace In the present scenario, there exist high persformance organisations; there is an extensive need that the employees must be prepared for the continuous changes, developments and growth. There are some important and innovate ways to learn at work in terms of consultation and experience. There are several other ways of informal learning which can be used in the organisations that comprises of critical reflection i.e. when one learns from oneself, learning by the interpersonal sources and learning from others (Ellstrm, 2011). The most significant way for developing informal learning at the workplace without any expenses is through the employee collaboration. As per this approach, all ten organisational employees collaborate and work as team. There are team formations which help sharing of feedbacks, knowledge and experience among the team members so that more innovative ideas can be generated and faster accomplishment could take place (Ley, et al., 2013). This way of informal learning i s also known as cooperative learning where there takes place group learning by having passive and strong discussions in groups to pass information with each other and have more appropriate ways of performing tasks. Such way of informal learning helps in enhancement of both the quantity as well as the quality of the individual learning. Learning via experience, feedbacks and reflection are another ways in which individuals can learn in the workplace in the most effective and efficient manner (Choi and Jacobs, 2011). These ways of informal learning can also be explained through a dynamic model of learning. When the individuals receive feedbacks from other individuals or the higher authorities then it is a key source of attaining informal learning. The feedbacks are both formal and informal but when given in a way which can help the individuals to learn, understand as well as have further discussions on the same develops it is an informal way of giving feedbacks which improves the learners ability to understand with a positive approach. To enhance the quality and quantity of individual learning, the best way is reflection as self-reflection is when one learns from oneself (Webb, 2006). Reflections helps in analysing ones own performance with critical lenses which help the individuals in analysing what has learned with the task, what are the limitations and what all can be improved (Hager, 2011). With such an informal learning, the individuals trend to understand their weaker segments of performance by themselves that both enhances their motivation as well as learning power. The next mos t significant and vital informal learning way are experiences i.e. learning from others work or experience as in at the workplace there are several other senior employees or peers who have experience a similar situation in the past working experience and they can help the new learners or other individuals by sharing their experiences with them. This results in effective flow of communication among the employees and achieving more improved informal learning (Eraut, 2004). Factors enabling or constraining informal workplace learning There are several factors at the workplaces that enable or constrain the informal workplace learning. These factors can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. The learning and the context factors that influences the informal workplace learning can be broadly categorized in three segments i.e. the organisational factors, relational factor and job related factors. All these factors affect the effectiveness of the informal learning (Tynjl, 2008). Factors enabling informal workplace learning The organisational factors that support the informal workplace learning include the feedbacks offered by the organisational managers and the feedback orientation. As positive feedbacks offers a boost to the learners to develop the informal learning by having continuous discussions and interchange of ideas. The other organisational factors comprise of the challenges and the value associated with the work. When the informal learning offers value to the employees also at their individuals level then it enables the workplace learning (Griffiths and Garca-Pealvo, 2016). The job related factors comprises of the allocation and structuring of work as when the work is structured in an appropriate manner then it results in effective association with the people at work and enhances the informal workplace learning among the individuals. The relational factor that enables learning includes the motivation level of the individuals and their will to participate in the learning processes. The other e nabling factors are increased level of confidence and commitment towards an organisations which helps the individuals to engage in the informal workplace learning practices (Berg and Chyung, 2008). Factors constraining informal workplace learning There are also some of the factors that constrain the informal workplace learning such as the negative organisational climate, insufficient timed to engage in such activities, less encouragement ands support from the organisational key persons, decreased level of involvement and motivation of the employees, decreased self-awareness regarding the important e of informal workplace learning and fear of receiving a negative feedback which can deteriorate the public image and self-esteem of the individuals (Noe, Tews and Marand, 2013). Influence of individual characteristics on the effectiveness of informal workplace learning There is a strong influence of the personal characteristics of the individuals on the effectiveness of informal workplace learning in the form of making decisions, communicating with others and behaving in the organisations. The personal characteristics if the individuals comprises of educational background, age, experience, motivational level, etc. All these factors influence the degree of engagement of the individuals in the informal workplace learning (Le Clus, 2011). The influence of age of the individuals can be analysed as it is identified that the younger ones in the organisations are more likely to have their engagement in the formal learning rather than in the informal learning because of the aspects such as they are new as well as want to gain more knowledge through the formal trainings and coaching offered to them as the organisational practices. On the other hand it is seen that, the older ones are more focused to have informal learning in the organisations because of the reason that they have gained much experience from the past working experiences and they want to share it with others as an informal learning. Thus, from individual perspectives these factors affect the informal workplace learning (Tannenbaum, et al., 2010). The other individual characteristics are gender, culture and educational background. the individuals with enhanced level of qualification and high educational profile are much likely to have an informal learning as a fact that they try to have discussions on several topics and concerned areas of tasks but kin the other hand individuals with less knowledge proficiency try to escape such discussion because of less involvement and they prefer the formal trainings more in comparison with the informal workplace learning (Mezirow and Taylor, 2011). The diversity in the culture also restrict individuals to have their participation in the informal learning as when the individuals are of diverse culture then they have a sense of shyness or feel uncomfortable to involve in informal discussions at the workplaces and the reasons can be the language related issue, etc. At few organisations, the one of the individual characteristic could also be gender related factor as male employees also restrict them to have an informal learning or discussions with female employees and vice versa. And thus, it results in barricades to the effective informal workplace learning (Manuti, et al., 2015). Potential benefits for individuals and the organisation of increased informal workplace learning The scope and significance of informal learning is widening day by day and specially in the organisational workplaces. There are several potential benefits of informal workplace learning which help the organisations to attain various competitive benefits. The first benefit of informal learning is that it is less threatening and more relaxing for many of the individuals to learn informally as they do not possess a threat of negative feedbacks or other unconstructive comments of the performance evaluation (Noe, Clarke and Klein, 2014). In an informal workplace learning, there is enhanced level of information sharing as people or the experts share their knowledge and experience with the individuals which resolves the queries and issues of the individuals which is not possible in the formal learning without having formal meetings or learning sessions for the same. The most significant aspect of informal learning for all types of organisations whether small, medium or large scale is that there are no cost and time related barriers which restricts the learning practices to execute at the workplaces. Because of the involvement and participation of the organisational employees only, there is no need of outside trainings and thus the organisations do not have to invest capital on such trainings which saves their lot of cost. Thus, even the small scale enterprises can also achieve competitive benefits and effective learning by the means of informal workplace learning. Another benefit of informal workplace learning is that it is faster and just-in-time. The informal learning can take placed whenever required by the organisation or the individuals and have an immediate use (Marsick and Watkins, 2015). Witching minutes the information is passed on and the work can be continuing and this result in faster flow of information and accomplishment of the tasks. Other potential benefits are that the informal workplace learning is customized as well as flexible in nature as it is a self-directed aspect. For meeting the specific needs of the individuals informal workplace learning is highly effective. It is customized as there are different requirement and need of different individuals and the informal learning try to meet all those needs through tailored learning. Thus, all such benefits of informal workplace learning help both the employees as well as the organisations to have more improved quantity and quality of learning through work (De Grip, 2015). Conclusion Informal workplace learning is acknowledged and recognized as a more significant approach to enhance the workplace learning from past few years. From the in-depth analysis and effective evaluation of the practice of informal workplace learning, it can be concluded that it is one of the best practices which can be implemented by the small scale organisations who cannot afford much expensive formal trainings to be offered to the employees. The report has stated numerous positive and potential advantages of informal workplace learning and also number of ways which can be used by the individuals to learn at the workplace. All these factors are required to have a positive approach to help the individuals to have their increased engagement in the informal workplace learning. From the report, it has also concluded that there are factor that enables as well as constrain the informal workplace learning and the organisations are required to have focus on the implementation of the enabling fact or and elimination of the constraining factor so that more enhanced level of informal workplace learning could take place. It has also been analysed and concluded that there is also a significant role of the personal characteristics in having engagement in the learning practices and activities and thus it is essential that such factors must also be considered accordingly while executive such informal workplace learning in the organisations. Recommendations Based upon the analysis of the literature, there are few recommendations for enhancing informal learning within the organisation: Firstly it is recommended that the informal workplace learning must be aligned with culture of the workplace. In the processes and the goals of workplace learning, the challenges, opportunities, nature and the strategic direction of the businesses must be reflected. It is also essential that the informal workplace learning must be resourced in an adequate manner with right tools and right people so that it can execute in an effective manner. The second recommendation is that the informal workplace learning must be tailored and customized. This is recommended because of the reason that the formal trainings are single approached which has a common direction that is required to be followed by all the employees. But in an organisation, there are diverse need and requirements and thus for managing those specific learning requirements, it is essential that the informal learning, must be customised and training must be offered as per the needs of the individuals so that they can have faster learning and development (Vaughan, 2008). The informal workplace learning must be based upon the idea of lifelong learning so that whenever there is a need or requirement for any such learning, it can immediately take place and having informal learning only for a period is not supportive s with more experienced and time, there is essential need of the informal workplace learning to develop a collaborative working environment where the peers or the experienced individuals can share their experiences with the new joiners and make tem comfortable with the new practices and organisational work. Thus, it is recommended that informal workplace learning must be a continuous practice at the workplaces (Le Clus, 2011). It is recommended that there must be taken use of adequate and right pedagogical approaches while having informal workplace learning as well as there must be individual support offered to the employees by the means of positive and enriched feedbacks and open ended discussion where the individuals can also give their opinions and participate effectively in the discussions. It is also essential that there must be an integration of the formal and the informal learning as both the learning are equally important for the organisations and thus, it is essential that the goals and objectives of informal and formal must be same (Milligan, Littlejohn and Margaryan, 2014). References Berg, S. A., Chyung, S. Y. (2008). Factors that influence informal learning in the workplace.Journal of workplace learning,20(4), 229-244. Choi, W., Jacobs, R. L. (2011). Influences of formal learning, personal learning orientation, and supportive learning environment on informal learning.Human Resource Development Quarterly,22(3), 239-257. Cross, J. (2011).Informal learning: Rediscovering the natural pathways that inspire innovation and performance. John Wiley Sons. De Grip, A. (2015). The importance of informal learning at work.IZA World of Labor. Ellstrm, P. E. (2011). Informal learning at work: Conditions, processes and logics.The Sage handbook of workplace learning, 105-119. Eraut*, M. (2004). Informal learning in the workplace.Studies in continuing education,26(2), 247-273. Eraut, M., Hirsh, W. (2010). The significance of workplace learning for individuals, groups and organisations. Griffiths, D., Garca-Pealvo, F. J. (2016). Informal learning recognition and management. Hager, P. (2011). Theories of workplace learning.The Sage handbook of workplace learning, 17-31. Le Clus, M. (2011). Informal learning in the workplace: a review of the literature.Australian Journal of Adult Learning,51(2), 355. Ley, T., Cook, J., Dennerlein, S., Kravcik, M., Kunzmann, C., Laanpere, M., ... Schmidt, A. (2013, September). Scaling informal learning: An integrative systems view on scaffolding at the workplace. InEuropean Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning(pp. 484-489). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Manuti, A., Pastore, S., Scardigno, A. F., Giancaspro, M. L., Morciano, D. (2015). Formal and informal learning in the workplace: a research review.International Journal of Training and Development,19(1), 1-17. Marsick, V. J., Watkins, K. (2015).Informal and Incidental Learning in the Workplace (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Mezirow, J., Taylor, E. W. (Eds.). (2011).Transformative learning in practice: Insights from community, workplace, and higher education. John Wiley Sons. Milligan, C., Littlejohn, A., Margaryan, A. (2014). Workplace learning in informal networks.Reusing Open Resources: Learning in Open Networks for Work, Life and Education,93. Noe, R. A., Clarke, A. D., Klein, H. J. (2014). Learning in the twenty-first-century workplace.Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav.,1(1), 245-275. Noe, R. A., Tews, M. J., Marand, A. D. (2013). Individual differences and informal learning in the workplace.Journal of Vocational Behavior,83(3), 327-335. Tannenbaum, S. I., Beard, R. L., McNall, L. A., Salas, E. (2010). Informal learning and development in organizations.Learning, training, and development in organizations, 303-332. Tynjl, P. (2008). Perspectives into learning at the workplace.Educational research review,3(2), 130-154. Vaughan, K. (2008). Workplace learning: A literature review. Webb, L. (2006). Learning by doing.Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal,20(5)

Mgt free essay sample

Consumer Behavior: Segmentation and Targeting Professor Dr. Gordon Leichter May 14, 2012 Abstract The assignment reviews industry practices which involve segmentation, targeting and positioning. I will attempt to explain these three consumer behaviors below. The airline industry will use the above mentioned practices in order to enhance and or improve marketing strategies. In order for this to take place and marketing analyst must develop techniques to observe consumer behavior by analyzing segmenting, targeting and positioning for airline industry Identify Key External Factors That Affect the Passenger Airline Industry To explain how the key external factors affect the passenger airline and how the impact occurs. The airline industry was heavily impacted by the global recession. Many major Airline companies faced heavy revenue losses and a hand full of airlines merged in the post-recession era to handle the situation of decreasing demand in air travel. In order to be successful, they have to carry out their business from a certain value-based perspective â€Å"less for much less† and concentrate their attention on the following Key Success Factors of their industry which would be the overall low costs: overall low costs are essential to be able to offer cheap fares. We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are achieved by several cost-cutting business practices such as: * Point-to-point services (no waiting for baggage or passenger transfers, less complexity) * Cheaper product design (no free food or drinks, no newspapers) * Standardized fleet (lower aircraft capital outlay, lower training costs, cheaper parts amp; equipment supply, lower maintenance costs) * Use of secondary airports (lower charges) * Direct Sales via Internet as main distribution channel Explain Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning According to an article from the University of Southern California on egmentation, targeting and positioning, there is some good information explain all three. Segmentation involves finding out what kinds of consumers with different needs exist. Segmentation, targeting, and positioning working together comprise a three stage process. The first stage is to determine which kinds of customers exist. The second stage is to select which ones we are best off trying to serve and, finally , the third stage is to implement our segmentation by optimizing our products/services for that segment  and communicating that we have made the choice to distinguish ourselves that way. Demographic  variables essentially refer to personal statistics such as income, gender, education, location (rural vs. urban, East vs. West), ethnicity, and family size. Some consumers want to be seen as similar to others, while a different segment wants to stand apart from the crowd. Another basis for segmentation is  behavior. Some consumers are â€Å"brand loyal†, they tend to stick with their preferred brands even when a competing one is on sale. Some consumers are â€Å"heavy† users while others are â€Å"light† users. In the next step, we decide to  target  one or more segments. Segmentation involves finding out what kinds of consumers with different needs exist. First, how well are existing segments served by  other  manufacturers? Secondly, how large is the segment, and how can we expect it to grow? Thirdly, do we have strengths as a company that will help us appeal particularly to one group of consumers? Positioning  involves  implementing  our targeting the product that occupies in consumer’s minds relative to competing products which are typically defined by consumers on the basis of important attributes. Positioning normally involves implanting the brand’s unique benefits and differentiation in the customer’s mind and it maps that plot perceptions of brands are commonly used. (Anonymous, n. d. ) Identify the Major Airline Market Segments In the article, â€Å"Identifying Market Segments and Selecting Target Markets,† segment marketing, companies identify consumer with similar needs and wants. For example, an airline is looking forward to providing no frills connectivity between metro cities on us east coast compare. This segment is within airline industry but needs of customer is different. Target audience is low budget travelers, however, customers within the segment look for different attributes, for example, lunch or beverages as part of travel. Here companies can offer this by charging the customer. A niche market is worth exploring where customers are willing to pay a premium for product, entry barriers are high and market has growth potential. In local marketing, customers are local neighborhood, trading stores, for example, many banks prefer local marketing for better understanding of client and provide them right type of service. In individual marketing, companies look forward to satisfying needs and wants of individual customer. Internet is facilitating the process of individual marketing, where in customer log on to the site and creates products from available options. This process is not feasible for high technology products like automobiles. What Are the Target Markets for First Class vs. Business Class vs. Economy Class The target market for the different airline class is that first class  is for high budget travelers comprising passengers and the  target market  consists mainly of German  and   international business. The business class traveler primary fly in first/business class and this target is mainly geared for corporate travelers by offering a very high touch approach to service end to end. The  economy class  targets small corporate customers, tourists  and  budget travelers (such as students) whereas the  business class  aims at medium  and  big corporate customers. These target markets are identical when viewing people and their societal differences when it comes to background and exposure. (Anonymous, n. d. ) Contrast Jet Blue vs. Southwest Airlines | In an article by Chris Woodyard in USA Today, he outlined several contracts between JetBlue at Southwest Airlines. Below are a few of the documented differences between the two. I will focus on the listed issues that I seem to face when traveling. Ticket counter and gate: Southwest has installed enough self-serve check-in machines at Los Angeles International to hold down the wait time in the ticket counter line. The ticket counter is usually well staffed, so lines move quickly. JetBlue ticket counter only took three minutes to check my bag. Boarding: Southwests open-seating policy encourages passengers to get aboard faster to claim an aisle or window. JetBlue has bigger planes, 156-seat Airbus A-320s, but they are often boarded from both ends. Passengers get aboard faster. Cleanliness: Both airlines have leather seats. The Southwest jet had the older brown interior, which is being replaced by new blue interiors on the entire fleet. There were ink scribbles on the headrest in front of my seat. The JetBlue interior was spotless. The average age of a JetBlue plane is 20 months. Southwests average fleet age is about 8 years. Cabin crew: Southwests flight attendants are usually fun. They also know when to turn off the jokes, such as on early-morning flights. On the day I flew, humor was in short supply. When a passenger asked for second pillow, the flight attendant replied, You only get one. Thats it. They came by for two beverage runs and a snack-box run. On JetBlue, pillows were plentiful. The pilot stood at the front of the cabin greeting arriving passengers. The flight attendants came by once to offer beverages and again to deliver snacks. They showed up twice more to hand out bottled water. On-time performance and baggage: JetBlue ranked first among 19 U. S. airlines in on-time performance for the 12-month period ended in April, according to the U. S. Department of Transportation. Southwest was third. JetBlue also had the best record of any airline for not losing bags in April. Southwest was fourth. People travel because they are pushed by physiological, psychological, intangible and internal factors; and people travel also because they are pulled by the unique things a destination feature, such as image, recreation facilities, education, appreciating scenery, safety, gambling and foods. Compare and explain the impact of key external factors on each, e. g. , economic conditions and the growing consumer interest in leisure travel. There are various factors, which affect segmentation in the business market. Demographic is one such factor, which consists of type of industry, size of company and geographical location of the company. Operational segmentation is on the technology class, customer consumption and customer requirements. Purchasing methodology includes segmentation based on purchase policy, purchase department structure, relation with companies and market positioning of companies. The order Requirements lets segmentation be based on nature of requirement and size of order. Personality trait segmentation looks at loyalty and risk profile. Describe each companys target market and positioning. Give some examples of how these strategies are implemented for each company. Each company target customers are â€Å"fare-conscious travelers who might otherwise have used alternate forms of transportation or would not have traveled at all. The current base consists primarily of leisure travelers, the most price sensitive class of travelers. However, JetBlue is increasingly courting a higher class of passengers who have the resources to pay more for a business or first-class ticket, but appreciate a lower fare without sacrificing high-class customer service, especially when corporations are looking to reduce business travel due to tough economic conditions. Both companies are in a unique position to target business travelers during tough economic times. As a discount provider who also focuses on customer service, they can appeal to cost-sensitive business people that need to cut travel costs but don’t want to sacrifice comfort, convenience, and modernity. Conclusion This concludes my paper on segmentation, targeting, and positioning of the airline industry and the comparative analysis of Jet Blue and Southwest Airlines. References Anonymous, (n. d. ), University of Southern California. Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning. Copyright  ©1999-2010 by Lars Perner. Retrieved May 17, 2012 from: http://www. consumerpsychologist. com/cb_Segmentation. html Anonymous, (n. d. ), Identifying Market Segments and Selecting Target Copyright  © 2008 – 2012 Markets. Retrieved May 17, 2012 from http://www. managementstudyguide. com/identifying-market-segments. htm Anonymous, (n. d. ), Marketing Profs. Retrieved May 17, 2012 from: http://www. marketingprofs. com/ea/qst_question. asp? qstID=37390 Anonymous, (n. d. ), Integrated Company Analysis. Retrieved May 24, 2012 from: http://business. library. wisc. edu/resources/kavajecz/10_Fall/JetBlue_Report. pdf Anonymous, (n. d. ), Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning, Building the Right Relationships with the Right Customers. Copyright  © 2012 Slideshare Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2012 from: http://www. slideshare. net/mehmetcihangir/segmentation-targeting-and-positioning-presentation Woodyard, Chris, Pitting Southwest vs. JetBlue USA TODAY. Retrieved May 17, 2012 from: http://www. usatoday. com/travel/news/2004-07-05-biztravel-comparison_x. htm

Abortion and Adoption Are Options

Abortion and Adoption Are Options Free Online Research Papers Abortion and adoption are two very different things but they are both an option a women can choose from when facing an unwanted or unplanned pregnancy. A woman has a right to choose what her future will be and having a child is a choice. Choosing to have an abortion or to give a child up for adoption are both decisions that a women must live with for the rest of her life. Abortion is frowned upon, it is thought of as a negative thing, where as adoption is an option that is supported but they are both a choice to give up a child. Abortion is seen as the easy way out, an irresponsible choice it is a different choice from adoption but that does not make it easier. An unwanted or unplanned pregnancy can change a women’s life but there are ways to deal with it and then move on afterwards. When a woman becomes pregnant she is faced with a life altering decision. She should be properly counseled and know all of her options. After a woman is educated on her situation she then must decide to have a child, have an abortion, or adoption. It is the doctor’s job to educate a woman about her current condition and her options. All people doctors included have the right to there own opinions but when counseling a patient a doctor should not influence a patient in anyway based on there own personal beliefs. When an unwanted pregnancy happens it is the woman that lives with it for the rest of her life. When a woman gives a child up for adoption there is counseling that is provided before and after, but when a woman has an abortion there is brief counseling before but none after the abortion. Abortion and adoption are both the act of giving up a child but they carry very different stigmas. Whatever a women chooses she should be provided with the appropriate before and after care. Abortion has a negative stigma, whereas adoption is a more socially acceptable option. They are seen as vastly different but should be thought of in the same way more often. They are choices â€Å"that a women-and it does come down to this should have control over her own body, even if she showed a reckless lack of control. Bad choices don’t disqualify future ones.† (Neilson 11). The choice that a woman makes is about the future and the life she wants for herself as well as her children present and future. Abortion and adoption are both an option a women can choose from when facing an unwanted or unplanned pregnancy. It is a women’s right to choose what her future will be and if children will be a part of her future. The decisions that we make today will affect our future. These effects may be unseen but that’s does not mean they are not there. Abortion and adoption both have pros and cons and that should not be ignored. Unwanted or unplanned pregnancies occurs everyday and women should not be judged on how she chooses to deal with her pregnancy because it is her body, her future, and her life. Research Papers on Abortion and Adoption Are OptionsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThe Fifth HorsemanRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andHip-Hop is ArtCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenOpen Architechture a white paperArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)

Argument for the importance of American Literature in college english Essay

Argument for the importance of American Literature in college english dept - Essay Example American literature is the major media that helps the new generation to understand the historical perspectives and its evolving values. It provides the people with the opportunity of creative imagination. Literature, especially American literature is highly relevant because it helps people to understand the intricacies of human interaction and psychology through the experiences of other people. Llosa (2001) says that even though the technology has redefined the priorities of people, the relevance and importance of literature can never lose its real meaning. The appeal of the literature is primarily focused on providing the reader with an opportunity to grow and learn. At the same time, it allows the reader to ponder over the events and try to use the same in his or her life for personal and professional growth. Indeed, readers are able to observe the changes because they can apply creative imagination to the process of evolving times. The books can stir up the emotions of the readers and they can also be the greatest source of inspiration for those who wish to look beyond the petty selfness of racism, prejudices and religious bigotry. Homer, Socrates, Tolstoy, Shakespeare are as important a figure as any other contemporary writers. We understand them because we can identify ourselves in their writing. Indeed, literature provides the human race with the means to express their deepest feeling. It also provides a facilitating platform for the generations to learn and expand on knowledge garnered through literature and literary account of history. In fact American literature is important because it gives one a significant medium to express one’s gratitude and patriotic feelings which cascades down to generations, inculcating pride. Most importantly, literature promotes creativity through visionary paradigms. It provides expression for